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If the vitamin B12 is ingested in its protein bound form, then it must first undergo a proteolytic cleavage in the stomach or duodenum where it will bind to an R-binder and then enter into the duodenum for further cleavage.1,2,8 This proteolytic cleavage is mostly dependent on the functional activity of pepsin
The caveat is uniform and important: a mechanistic effect observed in a rat gastric cell assay does not prove the same effect will occur in a human tendon after nasal inhalation
Publisher Responsibility: The publisher of this article has made every effort to ensure accuracy at the time of publication based on preclinical research, company-provided information, and publicly available data
These manufacturer-set dates, which are reviewed and largely overseen by federal regulators, help ensure that a particular drug meets established quality standards up until that date
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